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Biological control of gorse in New Zealand
Biological control programs for gorse in New Zealand have existed since the introduction of the gorse seed weevil (''Exapion ulicis'') in 1928. Biological pest control is the use of natural mechanisms such as predation to limit the growth and prevalence of a pest. The early research into the biological control of common gorse in New Zealand was among the first of such programs worldwide.〔
==Background==
(詳細はCanterbury Plains, where it was most popular. It established itself very quickly, and the lack of natural predators or other controls meant that it spread rapidly,〔 flowering for longer periods and growing to a larger size than it did in Europe. Gorse is an extremely hardy plant which forms dense thickets over what was once native forest or productive farmland; any attempts to destroy it by burning or spraying often result in rapid, widespread regrowth. The seeds are produced in great numbers and can remain dormant in the soil for extended periods of time.
Although gorse was identified as a major weed in New Zealand in 1859 and declared a weed by Parliament as early as 1900, its agricultural uses meant that biological control was not considered as a means of controlling the invasive species until the 1920s. Even then, the search for possible agents was restricted to those which would control growth by damaging the reproductive system, and would not affect the foliage.〔
In the years that followed the research of the late 1920s, more objections to biological control were raised by environmentalists, including the concept that it is risky to introduce any new species to an already compromised ecosystem, even to destroy a previously introduced one.〔 Further, it has been argued that gorse has uses beyond its colonial origins as a fence plant, for example as a source of food for bees in the early spring. Members of Environment Bay of Plenty have noted that gorse is a useful 'nursery' plant for native seedlings; it supplies the shelter and high nitrogen content in the soil that they need to mature, then, being less shade tolerant, gives way when a young native forest has been established.〔 This approach has been applied successfully at Hinewai Reserve on Banks Peninsula, with succession through gorse taking a much shorter time than through the usual mānuka or kānuka.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/forest-succession-and-regeneration/4 )〕 However, experts like ecologist Ian Popay argue that the forest that results is different to that which would have grown without the presence of gorse, and that this alteration is not "natural".〔 Hawke's Bay Regional Council holds the view that cultivating native forest in this fashion is risky and cannot be recommended,〔 although the Department of Conservation provides a practical guide to doing so.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.doc.govt.nz/publications/conservation/protecting-and-restoring-our-natural-heritage-a-practical-guide/native-ecosystems-and-their-management/ )〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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